Financial Accounting

Financial accountancy (or financial accounting) is the field of accountancy concerned with the preparation of financial statements for decision makers, such as stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, owners and other stakeholders. Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power. The central need for financial accounting is to reduce the various principal-agent problems, by measuring and monitoring the agents' performance

and thereafter reporting the results to interested users. Financial accountancy is used to prepare accountancy data for people outside the organisation or for those, who are not involved in the mundane administration of the company. Management accounting, provides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage and enhance the business. In short, financial accounting is the process of summarising financial data, which is taken from an organisation's accounting records and publishing it in the form of annual or quarterly reports, for the benefit of people outside the organisation. Financial accountancy is governed not only by local standards but also by international accounting standard. Read more here:

http://www.sgbau.ac.in/accounting-for-managers.pdf

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Antimicrobic Sensitivity Testing: The Kirby-Bauer Method

Once the causative organism of a specific disease in a patient has been isolated, it is up to the attending physician to administer a chemotherapeutic agent that will inhibit or kill the pathogen without causing serious harm to the individual. The method must be relatively simple to use, be very reliable, and yield results in as short a time as possible. The Kirby-Bauer method of sensitivity testing is such a method. It is used for testing both antibiotics and drugs. Antibiotics are chemotherapeutic agents of low molecular weight produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms. Drugs, on the other hand, are antimicrobic agents that are man-made. Both types of agents will be tested in this laboratory session according to the procedure shown in next figure. The effectiveness of an antimicrobic in sensitivity testing is based on the size of the zone of inhibition that surrounds a disk that has been impregnated with a specific concentration of the agent. The zone of inhibition, however, varies with the infusibility of the agent, the size of the inoculum, the type of medium, and many other factors. Only by taking all these variables into consideration can a reliable method be worked out. The Kirby-Bauer method is a standardized system that takes all variables into consideration. It is sanctioned by the U.S. FDA and the Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 

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Foodborne Illnesses

Transmission of pathogens. In order to prevent many of these pathogens from spreading,
it is important to understand the various routes of transmission. Foods can also be contaminated at the source. For example, poultry is contaminated with salmonella and campylobactor during processing. Shell stock can become contaminated in shell stock beds because of sewagecontaminated water. Foods that grow in the ground are contaminated with both bacteria and bacterial spores. Foods that are harvested from the ocean and fresh water can be contaminated with bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Both food and water can be subject to crosscontamination. Major causes of foodborne illness. Generally in the United States, most foodborne illnesses are attributed to pathogenic bacteria. While this has changedwe now find norovirus to be the numberone cause of foodborne illness in the United Statesthere are still practices that when done improperly can lead to foodborne illness. Some of these specifically relate to bacteria, while others can relate to any of the pathogen categories. They include improper holding temperatures, either hot or cold holding, improper cooling, leaving food in the temperature danger zone too long, improper cooking or reheating, either the required minimum temperature or the required holding times, infected employees, poor personal hygienean example being poor hand washingcrosscontaminationan example might be cutting fresh vegetables on a cutting board previously used to cut raw chicken without proper wash, rinse, and sanitizing between use.

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Great Trees of the World

Trees may be our most potent reminder of nature's power and beauty. For thousands of years, trees have inspired poets, scientists, warriors and priests, and they remain a living symbol of the glory of the natural world and its importance in our lives. Take a look at this collection of images showing the world's largest tree, oldest tree, biggest tree, tallest tree and other great trees.

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Microbiology study

Bacteria are classified under a distinct kingdom because of its peculiar cellular and morphological characteristics that makes it different and distinct from all other kingdoms like fungi, animal and virus. Bacteria are microscopic, unicellular (single celled) ancient organisms that are responsible for a number of lethal diseases. There are different types of bacteria that shares classic morphological characteristics of the kingdom but are classified differently in 5 major groups on the basis of their habitat, laboratory characteristics, staining methods, requirement of certain nutrients for the generation of energy and presence of certain cytoplasmic extensions like flagella or cilia (that are helpful in the motility of bacteria).

This article will discuss some major characteristics that are helpful in the determination of different types of bacteria.

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Definition of Marketing

The following definitions were approved by the American Marketing Association Board of Directors: Marketing:  

Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. (Approved July 2013)

Marketing Research:

Marketing research is the function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information--information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the method for collecting information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes the results, and communicates the findings and their implications.

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Biotechnology

At its simplest, biotechnology is technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet. We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for more than 6,000 years to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy products. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes. Currently, there are more than 250 biotechnology health care products and vaccines available to patients, many for previously untreatable diseases. More than 13.3 million farmers around the world use agricultural biotechnology to increase yields, prevent damage from insects and pests and reduce farming's impact on the environment. And more than 50 biorefineries are being built across North America to test and refine technologies to produce biofuels and chemicals from renewable biomass, which can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 

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